In California, the image of incarcerated individuals battling wildfires can stir a complex mix of emotions and questions. Is the state’s inmate firefighter program a chance for rehabilitation and a fresh start, or is it an exploitative system that undervalues those who are tasked with life-threatening work? This question became personal for me after a brief encounter with inmate firefighters in Altadena, but a conversation with Sam Lewis, Executive Director of the Anti-Recidivism Coalition (ARC), provides a deeper, more nuanced perspective.
A Glimpse of the Firefighting Reality
While driving through Altadena’s Meadows neighborhood shortly after the Eaton wildfire ignited, I came across a group of firefighters hard at work, clearing brush and preparing for the fire’s next moves. They wore uniforms identifying them as participants in California’s Conservation Camp Program, which enlists incarcerated individuals to assist in wildfire response. As of January 17, over 1,100 such firefighters were on the front lines across Los Angeles.
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I stopped to thank them for their hard work, and one of the men shyly asked if I could take a photo of the group. However, when I tried to ask questions, they informed me they were not allowed to speak. The brief moment left me with admiration for their efforts but also discomfort about the restrictions they faced. Was this program truly about rehabilitation, or was it an exploitative system that took advantage of people at their most vulnerable?
Voluntary Participation – But Not for Everyone
Sam Lewis, whose organization works closely with people impacted by incarceration, sheds light on the complexities of the program. He explains that, over the years, the Conservation Camp Program has evolved into a legitimate opportunity for those involved, with pathways to long-term careers. “In 2018, we collaborated with CAL FIRE and the Department of Corrections to create a way for participants to become professional firefighters after their release,” Lewis shared. “Now, they can go to the Ventura Training Center to earn certifications such as Firefighter Type 1 and EMT, helping them transition to stable careers post-incarceration. Over 200 formerly incarcerated people have become firefighters, including three in Orange County.”
Despite the positive impact of this program, some critics have pointed to concerns about exploitation, especially when images of inmate firefighters went viral on social media. However, Lewis is clear about one critical element of the program: participation is voluntary. He says, “For some, it’s a chance they actively seek out. I mentored a young man who tried fire camp, but after a month, he realized it wasn’t for him. He left and finished his sentence elsewhere. But for others, it’s a meaningful step, one they’re eager to take.”
William, a participant in the program, gave an inside look at his work. “We’ve been doing fire prevention—clearing brush, ensuring fire can’t spread,” he explained. “It’s dangerous, but we’ve made a choice to do it. It’s about helping the community, saving homes, and making a real impact on people’s lives.”
William’s path to fire camp wasn’t easy. “I was arrested young. I served my time, stayed out of trouble, and focused on self-improvement. That’s how I earned the opportunity to come to fire camp,” he reflected. “It’s all about focusing on the future and making the most of what you’re given.”
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For William, the program has been transformative. “It’s given me a real shot at a career. For the first time, I feel like I’m part of something big, and I’m building a future for myself and my family.”
The Pay Debate
While the program has helped many find a path forward, it has long been criticized for offering low wages. Incarcerated firefighters earn between $5.80 and $10.24 per day, with a $1 per hour bonus when actively fighting fires—far below California’s minimum wage of $16.50 an hour.
But change may be on the horizon. Assemblymember Isaac Bryan has introduced Assembly Bill 147, which aims to ensure incarcerated firefighters receive the same pay as the lowest-paid professional firefighters. The bill, in part, was fueled by growing media attention and support from celebrities like Kim Kardashian and Chris Brown, who helped amplify the issue.
Lewis highlighted the need for fair compensation, saying, “These men and women are putting their lives at risk to save property and people. They do it willingly, but they deserve to be treated like the professionals they are.”
Opportunities Beyond the Fireline
Perhaps one of the most powerful aspects of the program is its potential to offer participants long-term career opportunities. Many formerly incarcerated individuals face obstacles when seeking work post-release, especially due to criminal records that prevent them from obtaining necessary certifications, like EMT licenses. California has responded with legislation allowing record expungement for those who complete the fire camp program, but Lewis points out that the process requires effort and meeting specific criteria.
For William, the fire camp experience has been more than just a job; it’s been a transformative chance to change his life. “It’s not just about fighting fires; it’s about helping people and building a future,” he said.
In addition to fire camp, organizations like the Justice Care and Opportunities Department (JCOD) are working to ensure successful reintegration. JCOD provides access to further training opportunities in areas like auto mechanics, welding, and substance use counseling. “We offer the ‘what’s next’ for these individuals,” said Judge Songhai Armstead, Executive Director of JCOD. “Our goal is to give people a chance to break free from the cycle and return to their communities with skills and purpose.”
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A Broader Perspective on the System
Sam Lewis, who served 24 years in prison, sees the program as a powerful example of what can happen when people are given a second chance. “When you invest in people who have made mistakes but are not bad people, you see the best versions of them. These firefighters are heroes. They’re showing what’s possible when we invest in their futures,” Lewis said.
He added, “We need to ask ourselves: if it were your son or daughter, wouldn’t you want them to have the opportunity to change, to build a future, to make something of themselves?”
The Conservation Camp Program showcases the potential of incarcerated individuals to contribute meaningfully to society. While criticisms remain, especially regarding low pay, there’s hope that changes like AB 147 will help ensure that these individuals are recognized not just for their labor, but for their humanity and potential.
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